Background: Instrumentation during root canal treatment will produce a smear layer. The irrigation functions to remove debris, pulp, microorganisms, smear layer, and necrotic tissue. Anatomical var…
Introduction: Gingivitis is an inflammatory condition that involves the soft tissue around the teeth (gingiva). The main factor causing gingivitis in children and adolescents is the accumulation of…
Background: Enamel is the hardest tissue of the human body that covers the anatomical dental crown. Enamel composed by minerals that can be released from the hydroxyapatite when the pH of the oral …
Background: Head injury is the highest cause of death among productive age group. Epidural hematoma made massive bleeding that causes rapid deterioration. Surgery is needed for life saving manageme…
Background: Medical waste takes up a fairly large portion of the total waste on earth, where dental waste is in the form of hazardous and infectious materials. Some materials produced from dental p…
Background: Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a carbohydrate food other than rice that is rich in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds. There is few scientific research on the use …
Background: Oral ulcers are divided into two, namely multiple ulcers and solitary ulcers.Single or solitary ulcers are divided into three based on disease severity criteria, including acute, chroni…
Background: Acute gouty arthritis is an inflammation caused by MSU crystal deposition in the joint. Kersen leaves contain flavonoids that have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This stu…