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The Archaean: Geological and Geochemical Windows into the Early Earth

Glikson,Andrew Y. - Personal Name;

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Determinations of the age of the Earth as 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years (Ga) leave large part of its earliest history unknown. Isotopic and geochemical signatures in rocks as old as ~4.0 Ga indicate an evolutionary trend from mafic-ultramafic crust to tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG)-dominated micro continental nuclei. To date signatures of the 3.95 – 3.85 Ga Late heavy Bombardment (LHB), manifested by the lunar Mare, have not been discovered on Earth. Recent discoveries of near to 14 Archaean impact ejecta units up to 3.48 Ga-old intercalated with volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the Barberton and Pilbara greenstone belts, including clusters about 3.25 – 3.22 Ga and 2.63 – 2.48 Ga in age, may represent terrestrial vestiges of an extended LHB. The interval of ~3.25 – 3.22 Ga-ago emerges as a major break in Archaean crustal evolution when major asteroid bombardment resulted in faulting, large scale uplift, intrusion of granites and an abrupt shift from crustal conditions dominated by mafic-ultramafic crust associated with emplacement of TTG plutons, to semi-continental nuclei represented by arenites, turbidites, conglomerate, banded iron formations and felsic volcanics. At this stage pre-3.2 Ga dome-structured granite-greenstone systems were largely replaced by linear accretional granite-greenstone systems such as the Superior Province in Canada, Yilgarn Craton and the western Pilbara Craton, compared by some authors to circum-Pacific arc-trench settings. A fundamental geotectonic transformation is consistent with the increasing role of garnet fractionation as indicated by Al-depleted and plagioclase-enriched magmatic compositions, suggesting cooler high P/T (pressure/temperature) mantle and crustal magma sources, consistent with development of subduction. A concentration of large impacts during 2.63 – 2.48 Ga potentially accounts for peak magmatic events culminating the Archaean era. However, strict comparisons between the Archaean systems and modern Arc-trench geotectonic setting will be shown to be unwarranted. The book provides an excursion through granite-greenstone terrains, and to a lesser extent high-grade metamorphic terrains, focusing on relic primary features including volcanic, sedimentary, petrological, geochemical and paleontological elements, with the aim of elucidating the nature of original environments and processes which dominated environments in which early life forms have emerged. By contrast to uniformitarian models, which take little or no account of repeated impacts of large asteroid clusters and their effects during ~3.47 – 2.48 Ga, the Archaean geological record is consistent with the theory of asteroid impact-triggered volcanic activity originally advanced by D.H. Green in 1972 and 1981.


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Detail Information
Series Title
-
Call Number
551.7 THE a
Publisher
Heidelberg : Springer Cham., 2014
Collation
xiv,238 hlm : Ilus
Language
English
ISBN/ISSN
978-3-319-07908-0
Classification
551.7
Content Type
Text
Media Type
computer
Carrier Type
online resource
Edition
1
Subject(s)
Historical geology
Earth System Sciences
Specific Detail Info
Penentuan usia Bumi sebagai 4,54 ± 0,05 miliar tahun (Ga) membuat sebagian besar sejarah paling awal tidak diketahui. Tanda tangan isotop dan geokimia pada batuan setua ~4.0 Ga menunjukkan tren evolusi dari kerak mafik-ultramafik ke inti kontinental mikro yang didominasi tonalit-trondhjemite-granodiorit (TTG). Sampai saat ini tanda tangan dari Pengeboman Berat Akhir (LHB) 3,95 – 3,85 Ga, yang dimanifestasikan oleh Lunar Mare, belum ditemukan di Bumi. Penemuan terbaru dari hampir 14 unit pelontar dampak Archaean hingga 3,48 Ga-tua diselingi dengan batuan vulkanik dan sedimen di sabuk batu hijau Barberton dan Pilbara, termasuk kelompok sekitar 3,25 – 3,22 Ga dan 2,63 – 2,48 Ga dalam usia, dapat mewakili sisa-sisa terestrial LHB diperpanjang. Interval ~3,25 – 3,22 Ga-lalu muncul sebagai terobosan besar dalam evolusi kerak Archaean ketika pemboman asteroid besar mengakibatkan patahan, pengangkatan skala besar, intrusi granit dan pergeseran mendadak dari kondisi kerak yang didominasi oleh kerak mafik-ultramafik yang terkait dengan emplasemen pluton TTG, hingga inti semi-kontinental yang diwakili oleh arenit, turbidit, konglomerat, formasi besi berpita dan volkanik felsik. Pada tahap ini, sistem granit-greenstone berstruktur kubah Ga pra-3.2 sebagian besar digantikan oleh sistem granit-greenstone akresi linier seperti Provinsi Superior di Kanada, Kraton Yilgarn dan Kraton Pilbara barat, dibandingkan oleh beberapa penulis dengan busur sirkum-Pasifik. pengaturan parit. Transformasi geotektonik mendasar konsisten dengan meningkatnya peran fraksinasi garnet seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh komposisi magmatik yang terkuras Al dan diperkaya plagioklas, menunjukkan mantel P/T (tekanan/suhu) yang lebih dingin dan sumber magma kerak, konsisten dengan perkembangan subduksi. Konsentrasi dampak besar selama 2,63 – 2,48 Ga berpotensi menyumbang peristiwa magmatik puncak yang berpuncak pada era Archaean. Namun, perbandingan ketat antara sistem Archaean dan pengaturan geotektonik Arc-trench modern akan terbukti tidak beralasan. Buku ini memberikan tamasya melalui medan granit-batu hijau, dan pada tingkat lebih rendah medan metamorf tingkat tinggi, dengan fokus pada fitur utama peninggalan termasuk elemen vulkanik, sedimen, petrologi, geokimia dan paleontologi, dengan tujuan menjelaskan sifat lingkungan asli dan proses yang mendominasi lingkungan di mana bentuk kehidupan awal telah muncul. Berbeda dengan model uniformitarian, yang memperhitungkan sedikit atau tanpa memperhitungkan dampak berulang dari gugus asteroid besar dan efeknya selama ~3,47 – 2,48 Ga, catatan geologi Archaean konsisten dengan teori aktivitas vulkanik yang dipicu dampak asteroid yang awalnya dikemukakan oleh D.H. Green pada tahun 1972 dan 1981.
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